diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/app/approval-workflows/[accessKey]/ApprovalWorkflowPageClient.tsx b/furniture-3d-system/src/app/approval-workflows/[accessKey]/ApprovalWorkflowPageClient.tsx
index 358de31a..e701aad9 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/app/approval-workflows/[accessKey]/ApprovalWorkflowPageClient.tsx
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/app/approval-workflows/[accessKey]/ApprovalWorkflowPageClient.tsx
@@ -4,7 +4,11 @@ import { useEffect, useMemo, useState } from 'react'
 import type { ApprovalWorkflowStatus, BusinessAccountType } from '@prisma/client'
 import { AlertCircle, Clock3, FileStack, Lock, RefreshCw, ShieldCheck } from 'lucide-react'
 import { AuthProvider, useAuth } from '@/hooks/useAuth'
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_LABELS, BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types'
+import {
+  BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_LABELS,
+  BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
+  type AppBusinessAccountType,
+} from '@/lib/business-account-types'
 
 type FieldMatrixItem = {
   key: string
@@ -113,7 +117,7 @@ function ApprovalWorkflowPageBody({ accessKey }: { accessKey: string }) {
   }, [accessKey])
 
   const groupedFields = useMemo(() => {
-    const groups = new Map<BusinessAccountType, FieldMatrixItem[]>()
+    const groups = new Map<AppBusinessAccountType, FieldMatrixItem[]>()
     for (const role of APPROVAL_BUSINESS_ROLE_ORDER) {
       groups.set(role, [])
     }
@@ -132,7 +136,7 @@ function ApprovalWorkflowPageBody({ accessKey }: { accessKey: string }) {
   }, [workflow])
 
   const groupedFieldSections = useMemo(() => {
-    const sections = new Map<BusinessAccountType, Array<{ title: string; fields: FieldMatrixItem[] }>>()
+    const sections = new Map<AppBusinessAccountType, Array<{ title: string; fields: FieldMatrixItem[] }>>()
     for (const role of APPROVAL_BUSINESS_ROLE_ORDER) {
       const roleFields = groupedFields.get(role) || []
       const bySection = new Map<string, FieldMatrixItem[]>()
@@ -283,7 +287,7 @@ function ApprovalWorkflowPageBody({ accessKey }: { accessKey: string }) {
             {APPROVAL_BUSINESS_ROLE_ORDER.map((role) => {
               const sections = groupedFieldSections.get(role) || []
               if (sections.length === 0) return null
-              const mine = myBusinessRoles.includes(role)
+              const mine = myBusinessRoles.some((myRole) => myRole === role)
               return (
                 <section
                   key={role}
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/app/users/page.tsx b/furniture-3d-system/src/app/users/page.tsx
index e56a64ba..e70a3131 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/app/users/page.tsx
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/app/users/page.tsx
@@ -37,7 +37,10 @@ import {
   ObsidianRailGroup,
 } from '@/components/platform/ObsidianControlShell'
 import { canAssignRoleByHierarchy, getAssignableRolesForRole } from '@/lib/role-scope'
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_LABELS, BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types'
+import {
+  BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_LABELS,
+  DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
+} from '@/lib/business-account-types'
 import { useDebounce } from '@/hooks/usePerformance'
 import { getApiErrorMessage } from '@/lib/utils'
 
@@ -367,7 +370,7 @@ function UsersPageContent() {
               label="全部类型"
               onClick={() => setBusinessRoleFilter('')}
             />
-            {BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
+            {DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
               <ObsidianRailButton
                 key={option.value}
                 active={businessRoleFilter === option.value}
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/ActivateUserModal.tsx b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/ActivateUserModal.tsx
index 1ff92b36..463ccb73 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/ActivateUserModal.tsx
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/ActivateUserModal.tsx
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ import Button from '@/components/ui/Button';
 import { Select } from '@/components/ui/Select';
 import { DepartmentTreeSelect, type DepartmentTreeOption } from '@/components/users/DepartmentTreeSelect';
 import { getApiErrorMessage } from '@/lib/utils';
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
+import { DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
 import { inferBusinessRolesFromDepartmentPath } from '@/lib/business-role-inference';
 
 interface ActivationUser {
@@ -259,7 +259,7 @@ export function ActivateUserModal({
               业务类型
             </p>
             <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2 md:grid-cols-4">
-              {BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
+              {DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
                 <label key={option.value} className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-[#dde3e5] bg-white px-3 py-2 text-xs font-bold text-[#405054]">
                   <input
                     type="checkbox"
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/CreateUserModal.tsx b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/CreateUserModal.tsx
index 60ab5ee3..64eff42a 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/CreateUserModal.tsx
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/CreateUserModal.tsx
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import { Select } from '@/components/ui/Select';
 import Button from '@/components/ui/Button';
 import { AlertCircle, Check } from 'lucide-react';
 import { DepartmentTreeSelect, type DepartmentTreeOption } from '@/components/users/DepartmentTreeSelect';
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
+import { DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
 import { inferBusinessRolesFromDepartmentPath } from '@/lib/business-role-inference';
 import { getApiErrorMessage } from '@/lib/utils';
 
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ export function CreateUserModal({ isOpen, allowedRoles, onClose, onSuccess }: Cr
             <div className="space-y-1.5">
               <p className="text-[12px] font-semibold leading-5 tracking-normal text-[var(--obs-shell-muted)]">业务类型</p>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
-                {BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
+                {DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
                   <label key={option.value} className={businessOptionClass}>
                     <input
                       type="checkbox"
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/EditUserModal.tsx b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/EditUserModal.tsx
index 16d6740b..af1e476f 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/EditUserModal.tsx
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/components/users/EditUserModal.tsx
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import { Select } from '@/components/ui/Select';
 import Button from '@/components/ui/Button';
 import { AlertCircle } from 'lucide-react';
 import { DepartmentTreeSelect, type DepartmentTreeOption } from '@/components/users/DepartmentTreeSelect';
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
+import { DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types';
 import { getApiErrorMessage } from '@/lib/utils';
 
 interface UserData {
@@ -310,7 +310,7 @@ export function EditUserModal({
                 业务类型
               </p>
               <div className="grid grid-cols-2 gap-2">
-                {BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
+                {DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => (
                   <label key={option.value} className="flex items-center gap-2 rounded-md border border-[#dde3e5] bg-white px-3 py-2 text-xs font-bold text-[#405054]">
                     <input
                       type="checkbox"
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/business-account-types.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/business-account-types.ts
index c44d3436..e255dab9 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/business-account-types.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/business-account-types.ts
@@ -26,11 +26,27 @@ export const BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_LABELS: Record<AppBusinessAccountType, string
   EXTERNAL_INTAKE: '外部录入员',
 }
 
+export const DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS: Array<{
+  value: BusinessAccountType
+  label: string
+}> = BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.filter(
+  (option): option is { value: BusinessAccountType; label: string } =>
+    option.value !== EXTERNAL_INTAKE_BUSINESS_ROLE,
+)
+
+const DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_ROLE_SET = new Set<BusinessAccountType>(
+  DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value),
+)
+
+export function isDatabaseBusinessAccountType(value: unknown): value is BusinessAccountType {
+  return (
+    typeof value === 'string' &&
+    DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_ROLE_SET.has(value as BusinessAccountType)
+  )
+}
+
 export function normalizeBusinessRoles(value: unknown): BusinessAccountType[] {
   if (!Array.isArray(value)) return []
 
-  const allowed = new Set(BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value))
-  return value.filter((item): item is BusinessAccountType => {
-    return typeof item === 'string' && allowed.has(item as AppBusinessAccountType)
-  })
+  return value.filter(isDatabaseBusinessAccountType)
 }
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.test.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.test.ts
index 1899ccbd..7b0e0169 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.test.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-jest.mock('@/lib/storage', () => ({
+jest.mock('@/lib/object-storage-url', () => ({
   resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess: jest.fn((value: string) => {
     if (value === 'https://cdn.example.com/prod/materials/textures/oak.webp') {
       return '/api/storage/object?key=prod%2Fmaterials%2Ftextures%2Foak.webp'
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.ts
index df7c57eb..e023fc89 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/material-asset-path.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess } from '@/lib/storage'
+import { resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess } from '@/lib/object-storage-url'
 
 const POLYHAVEN_HOSTS = new Set(['dl.polyhaven.org', 'polyhaven.com', 'cdn.polyhaven.com'])
 const DEFAULT_MATERIAL_THUMBNAIL_PATHS = new Set([
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/object-storage-url.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/object-storage-url.ts
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..d97adc31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/object-storage-url.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,244 @@
+export type StorageProvider = 's3' | 'qiniu'
+
+const PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH = '/api/storage/object'
+
+function trimToNull(value: string | undefined | null): string | null {
+  const normalized = value?.trim()
+  return normalized ? normalized : null
+}
+
+function readBooleanEnv(value: string | undefined, fallback: boolean): boolean {
+  const normalized = value?.trim().toLowerCase()
+  if (!normalized) return fallback
+  return ['1', 'true', 'yes', 'on'].includes(normalized)
+}
+
+function normalizePrefix(value: string | undefined): string {
+  const normalized = trimToNull(value)
+  if (!normalized) return ''
+  return normalized.replace(/^\/+|\/+$/g, '') + '/'
+}
+
+function normalizeProvider(value: string | null): StorageProvider {
+  const normalized = value?.trim().toLowerCase()
+  if (!normalized || normalized === 's3' || normalized === 'minio') {
+    return 's3'
+  }
+  if (normalized === 'qiniu' || normalized === 'kodo') {
+    return 'qiniu'
+  }
+
+  throw new Error(
+    `[Storage] 不支持的 STORAGE_PROVIDER：${value}。可选值：s3、minio、qiniu。`,
+  )
+}
+
+const STORAGE_PROVIDER = normalizeProvider(
+  trimToNull(process.env.STORAGE_PROVIDER) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.OBJECT_STORAGE_PROVIDER),
+)
+
+const FILE_PATH_PREFIX = normalizePrefix(
+  trimToNull(process.env.OBJECT_STORAGE_FILE_PATH) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.STORAGE_FILE_PATH) ||
+    (STORAGE_PROVIDER === 'qiniu'
+      ? trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_FILE_PATH)
+      : trimToNull(process.env.S3_FILE_PATH)) ||
+    undefined,
+)
+
+function normalizeObjectKey(key: string): string {
+  const normalizedKey = key.trim().replace(/^\/+/, '')
+  if (!normalizedKey) {
+    throw new Error('[Storage] 对象 key 不能为空。')
+  }
+  if (
+    normalizedKey.includes('..') ||
+    normalizedKey.includes('\\') ||
+    /^(https?:|data:|file:|\/\/)/i.test(normalizedKey) ||
+    /[\u0000-\u001f\u007f]/.test(normalizedKey)
+  ) {
+    throw new Error('[Storage] 对象 key 包含非法字符或路径。')
+  }
+
+  if (!FILE_PATH_PREFIX) {
+    return normalizedKey
+  }
+
+  return normalizedKey.startsWith(FILE_PATH_PREFIX)
+    ? normalizedKey
+    : `${FILE_PATH_PREFIX}${normalizedKey}`
+}
+
+function buildPrivateObjectAccessUrl(key: string): string {
+  const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
+  const params = new URLSearchParams({ key: objectKey })
+  return `${PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH}?${params.toString()}`
+}
+
+function readPrivateObjectAccessKey(value: string): string | null {
+  const normalized = trimToNull(value)
+  if (!normalized) return null
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(normalized, 'http://storage.local')
+    if (parsed.pathname !== PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH) {
+      return null
+    }
+
+    return trimToNull(parsed.searchParams.get('key') ?? undefined)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+function buildS3PublicBaseUrl(): string | null {
+  const configured =
+    trimToNull(process.env.S3_PUBLIC_DOMAIN) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.S3_PUBLIC_ENDPOINT) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.S3_PUBLIC_URL) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.S3_ENDPOINT)
+
+  return configured ? configured.replace(/\/+$/, '') : null
+}
+
+function buildQiniuPublicBaseUrl(): string | null {
+  const configured =
+    trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_PUBLIC_DOMAIN) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_PUBLIC_ENDPOINT) ||
+    trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_PUBLIC_URL)
+
+  if (!configured) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (/^https?:\/\//i.test(configured)) {
+    return configured.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+  }
+
+  const useHttps = readBooleanEnv(process.env.QINIU_USE_HTTPS, true)
+  return `${useHttps ? 'https' : 'http'}://${configured}`.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+}
+
+function publicBaseAlreadyContainsBucket(publicBaseUrl: string, bucketName: string): boolean {
+  try {
+    const parsed = new URL(publicBaseUrl)
+    const pathname = parsed.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+    return pathname === `/${bucketName}`
+  } catch {
+    return false
+  }
+}
+
+function getPublicObjectUrlBaseCandidates(): string[] {
+  const bases = new Set<string>()
+
+  const s3PublicBaseUrl = buildS3PublicBaseUrl()
+  const s3BucketName = trimToNull(process.env.S3_BUCKET) || 'furniture-3d-models'
+  if (s3PublicBaseUrl) {
+    bases.add(s3PublicBaseUrl)
+    if (!publicBaseAlreadyContainsBucket(s3PublicBaseUrl, s3BucketName)) {
+      bases.add(`${s3PublicBaseUrl}/${s3BucketName}`)
+    }
+  }
+
+  const qiniuPublicBaseUrl = buildQiniuPublicBaseUrl()
+  if (qiniuPublicBaseUrl) {
+    bases.add(qiniuPublicBaseUrl)
+  }
+
+  return Array.from(bases).sort((left, right) => right.length - left.length)
+}
+
+function readPublicObjectAccessKey(value: string): string | null {
+  const normalized = trimToNull(value)
+  if (!normalized) return null
+
+  let parsed: URL
+  try {
+    parsed = new URL(normalized)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  if (parsed.protocol !== 'http:' && parsed.protocol !== 'https:') {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  for (const base of getPublicObjectUrlBaseCandidates()) {
+    let baseUrl: URL
+    try {
+      baseUrl = new URL(base)
+    } catch {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    if (parsed.origin !== baseUrl.origin) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const basePath = baseUrl.pathname.replace(/\/+$/, '')
+    if (
+      basePath &&
+      parsed.pathname !== basePath &&
+      !parsed.pathname.startsWith(`${basePath}/`)
+    ) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    const rawKey = parsed.pathname.slice(basePath.length).replace(/^\/+/, '')
+    if (!rawKey) {
+      continue
+    }
+
+    let decodedKey = rawKey
+    try {
+      decodedKey = decodeURIComponent(rawKey)
+    } catch {
+      // Keep original raw key and let normalizeObjectKey validate it.
+    }
+
+    try {
+      return normalizeObjectKey(decodedKey)
+    } catch {
+      continue
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null
+}
+
+export function normalizeObjectStorageKey(key: string): string {
+  return normalizeObjectKey(key)
+}
+
+export function buildStableObjectAccessUrl(key: string): string {
+  return buildPrivateObjectAccessUrl(key)
+}
+
+export function readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl(value: string): string | null {
+  const objectKey =
+    readPrivateObjectAccessKey(value) ?? readPublicObjectAccessKey(value)
+  if (!objectKey) {
+    return null
+  }
+
+  try {
+    return normalizeObjectKey(objectKey)
+  } catch {
+    return null
+  }
+}
+
+export function resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess(url: string): string {
+  const objectKey = readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl(url)
+  return objectKey ? buildStableObjectAccessUrl(objectKey) : url
+}
+
+export function getConfiguredStorageProvider(): StorageProvider {
+  return STORAGE_PROVIDER
+}
+
+export function getConfiguredStorageFilePathPrefix(): string {
+  return FILE_PATH_PREFIX
+}
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.test.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.test.ts
index e962a9a8..8bb02f9a 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.test.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.test.ts
@@ -281,10 +281,6 @@ describe('storage object provider', () => {
     ).toContain(
       'http://tevepd6od.hd-bkt.clouddn.com/prod-assets/models/table.glb?e=',
     )
-    expect(mockQiniuPrivateDownloadUrl).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
-      'http://tevepd6od.hd-bkt.clouddn.com',
-      'prod-assets/models/table.glb',
-      expect.any(Number),
-    )
+    expect(mockQiniuPrivateDownloadUrl).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
   })
 })
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.ts
index fafb71b4..14e325c0 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/lib/storage.ts
@@ -9,19 +9,19 @@
  * @created 2025-12-12
  */
 
+import { createHmac } from 'node:crypto'
 import {
-  S3Client,
-  PutObjectCommand,
-  DeleteObjectCommand,
-  HeadObjectCommand,
-} from '@aws-sdk/client-s3'
-import * as qiniu from 'qiniu'
+  buildStableObjectAccessUrl as buildStableObjectAccessUrlImpl,
+  getConfiguredStorageFilePathPrefix,
+  getConfiguredStorageProvider,
+  normalizeObjectStorageKey as normalizeObjectStorageKeyImpl,
+  readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl as readObjectStorageKeyFromUrlImpl,
+  resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess as resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccessImpl,
+} from '@/lib/object-storage-url'
 
 export type StorageProvider = 's3' | 'qiniu'
 export type StorageAccessMode = 'public' | 'private'
 
-const PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH = '/api/storage/object'
-
 interface ObjectStorageAdapter {
   provider: StorageProvider
   accessMode: StorageAccessMode
@@ -111,45 +111,15 @@ function normalizeObjectKey(key: string): string {
 }
 
 export function normalizeObjectStorageKey(key: string): string {
-  return normalizeObjectKey(key)
-}
-
-function buildPrivateObjectAccessUrl(key: string): string {
-  const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
-  const params = new URLSearchParams({ key: objectKey })
-  return `${PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH}?${params.toString()}`
+  return normalizeObjectStorageKeyImpl(key)
 }
 
 export function buildStableObjectAccessUrl(key: string): string {
-  return buildPrivateObjectAccessUrl(key)
-}
-
-function readPrivateObjectAccessKey(value: string): string | null {
-  const normalized = trimToNull(value)
-  if (!normalized) return null
-
-  try {
-    const parsed = new URL(normalized, 'http://storage.local')
-    if (parsed.pathname !== PRIVATE_OBJECT_ROUTE_PATH) {
-      return null
-    }
-
-    return trimToNull(parsed.searchParams.get('key') ?? undefined)
-  } catch {
-    return null
-  }
+  return buildStableObjectAccessUrlImpl(key)
 }
 
 function getPublicObjectUrlBaseCandidates(): string[] {
-  const storageAdapter = getStorageAdapter()
-  const bases = new Set<string>()
-  const publicEndpoint = storageAdapter.publicEndpoint.replace(/\/+$/, '')
-  if (publicEndpoint) {
-    bases.add(`${publicEndpoint}/${storageAdapter.bucketName}`)
-    bases.add(publicEndpoint)
-  }
-
-  return Array.from(bases)
+  return []
 }
 
 function readPublicObjectAccessKey(value: string): string | null {
@@ -211,17 +181,7 @@ function readPublicObjectAccessKey(value: string): string | null {
 }
 
 export function readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl(value: string): string | null {
-  const objectKey =
-    readPrivateObjectAccessKey(value) ?? readPublicObjectAccessKey(value)
-  if (!objectKey) {
-    return null
-  }
-
-  try {
-    return normalizeObjectKey(objectKey)
-  } catch {
-    return null
-  }
+  return readObjectStorageKeyFromUrlImpl(value)
 }
 
 function buildS3PublicBaseUrl(): string {
@@ -248,6 +208,16 @@ function publicBaseAlreadyContainsBucket(publicBaseUrl: string, bucketName: stri
   }
 }
 
+type S3SdkModule = typeof import('@aws-sdk/client-s3')
+let s3SdkPromise: Promise<S3SdkModule> | null = null
+
+function loadS3Sdk(): Promise<S3SdkModule> {
+  if (!s3SdkPromise) {
+    s3SdkPromise = import('@aws-sdk/client-s3')
+  }
+  return s3SdkPromise
+}
+
 function createS3StorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
   const internalEndpoint = requireEnv('S3_ENDPOINT', trimToNull(process.env.S3_ENDPOINT))
   const publicEndpoint = buildS3PublicBaseUrl()
@@ -265,15 +235,25 @@ function createS3StorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
   const bucketName = process.env.S3_BUCKET || 'furniture-3d-models'
   const forcePathStyle = readBooleanEnv(process.env.S3_ENABLE_PATH_STYLE, true)
 
-  const s3Client = new S3Client({
-    endpoint: internalEndpoint,
-    region,
-    credentials: {
-      accessKeyId: accessKey,
-      secretAccessKey: secretKey,
-    },
-    forcePathStyle,
-  })
+  let s3ClientPromise: Promise<InstanceType<S3SdkModule['S3Client']>> | null = null
+
+  function getS3Client() {
+    if (!s3ClientPromise) {
+      s3ClientPromise = loadS3Sdk().then(({ S3Client }) =>
+        new S3Client({
+          endpoint: internalEndpoint,
+          region,
+          credentials: {
+            accessKeyId: accessKey,
+            secretAccessKey: secretKey,
+          },
+          forcePathStyle,
+        }),
+      )
+    }
+
+    return s3ClientPromise
+  }
 
   return {
     provider: 's3',
@@ -283,6 +263,8 @@ function createS3StorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
     internalEndpoint,
     publicEndpoint,
     async uploadBuffer(buffer, key, contentType) {
+      const { PutObjectCommand } = await loadS3Sdk()
+      const s3Client = await getS3Client()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       const command = new PutObjectCommand({
         Bucket: bucketName,
@@ -307,6 +289,8 @@ function createS3StorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
       return this.buildPublicUrl(key)
     },
     async objectExists(key) {
+      const { HeadObjectCommand } = await loadS3Sdk()
+      const s3Client = await getS3Client()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       try {
         await s3Client.send(
@@ -337,6 +321,8 @@ function createS3StorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
       }
     },
     async deleteObject(key) {
+      const { DeleteObjectCommand } = await loadS3Sdk()
+      const s3Client = await getS3Client()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       const command = new DeleteObjectCommand({
         Bucket: bucketName,
@@ -367,6 +353,16 @@ function buildQiniuPublicBaseUrl(): string {
   return `${useHttps ? 'https' : 'http'}://${configured}`.replace(/\/+$/, '')
 }
 
+type QiniuSdkModule = typeof import('qiniu')
+let qiniuSdkPromise: Promise<QiniuSdkModule> | null = null
+
+function loadQiniuSdk(): Promise<QiniuSdkModule> {
+  if (!qiniuSdkPromise) {
+    qiniuSdkPromise = import('qiniu')
+  }
+  return qiniuSdkPromise
+}
+
 function getHttpStatusCode(error: unknown): number | null {
   if (
     typeof error === 'object' &&
@@ -445,6 +441,36 @@ function isQiniuMissingObject(errorOrResponse: unknown): boolean {
   return errorText.includes('no such') || errorText.includes('not found')
 }
 
+function encodeObjectKeyForPublicUrl(key: string): string {
+  return normalizeObjectKey(key)
+    .split('/')
+    .map((segment) => encodeURIComponent(segment))
+    .join('/')
+}
+
+function buildQiniuPublicDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint: string, key: string): string {
+  return `${publicEndpoint.replace(/\/+$/, '')}/${encodeObjectKeyForPublicUrl(key)}`
+}
+
+function toQiniuUrlSafeBase64(input: Buffer): string {
+  return input.toString('base64').replace(/\+/g, '-').replace(/\//g, '_')
+}
+
+function buildQiniuPrivateDownloadUrl(params: {
+  accessKey: string
+  secretKey: string
+  publicEndpoint: string
+  key: string
+  deadline: number
+}): string {
+  const baseUrl = buildQiniuPublicDownloadUrl(params.publicEndpoint, params.key)
+  const separator = baseUrl.includes('?') ? '&' : '?'
+  const unsignedUrl = `${baseUrl}${separator}e=${params.deadline}`
+  const digest = createHmac('sha1', params.secretKey).update(unsignedUrl).digest()
+  const encodedDigest = toQiniuUrlSafeBase64(digest)
+  return `${unsignedUrl}&token=${params.accessKey}:${encodedDigest}`
+}
+
 function createQiniuStorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
   const accessKey = requireEnv('QINIU_ACCESS_KEY', trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_ACCESS_KEY))
   const secretKey = requireEnv('QINIU_SECRET_KEY', trimToNull(process.env.QINIU_SECRET_KEY))
@@ -457,16 +483,30 @@ function createQiniuStorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
     60,
   )
 
-  const mac = new qiniu.auth.digest.Mac(accessKey, secretKey)
-  const qiniuConfig = new qiniu.conf.Config({ useHttpsDomain: useHttps })
-  const formUploader = new qiniu.form_up.FormUploader(qiniuConfig)
-  const bucketManager = new qiniu.rs.BucketManager(mac, qiniuConfig)
+  type QiniuContext = {
+    sdk: QiniuSdkModule
+    mac: InstanceType<QiniuSdkModule['auth']['digest']['Mac']>
+    formUploader: InstanceType<QiniuSdkModule['form_up']['FormUploader']>
+    bucketManager: InstanceType<QiniuSdkModule['rs']['BucketManager']>
+  }
 
-  function buildUploadToken(objectKey: string): string {
-    const putPolicy = new qiniu.rs.PutPolicy({
-      scope: `${bucketName}:${objectKey}`,
-    })
-    return putPolicy.uploadToken(mac)
+  let qiniuContextPromise: Promise<QiniuContext> | null = null
+
+  function getQiniuContext(): Promise<QiniuContext> {
+    if (!qiniuContextPromise) {
+      qiniuContextPromise = loadQiniuSdk().then((sdk) => {
+        const mac = new sdk.auth.digest.Mac(accessKey, secretKey)
+        const qiniuConfig = new sdk.conf.Config({ useHttpsDomain: useHttps })
+        return {
+          sdk,
+          mac,
+          formUploader: new sdk.form_up.FormUploader(qiniuConfig),
+          bucketManager: new sdk.rs.BucketManager(mac, qiniuConfig),
+        }
+      })
+    }
+
+    return qiniuContextPromise
   }
 
   return {
@@ -477,12 +517,16 @@ function createQiniuStorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
     internalEndpoint: `qiniu://${bucketName}`,
     publicEndpoint,
     async uploadBuffer(buffer, key, contentType) {
+      const { sdk, mac, formUploader } = await getQiniuContext()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
-      const putExtra = new qiniu.form_up.PutExtra()
+      const putPolicy = new sdk.rs.PutPolicy({
+        scope: `${bucketName}:${objectKey}`,
+      })
+      const putExtra = new sdk.form_up.PutExtra()
       putExtra.mimeType = contentType
 
       const response = await formUploader.put(
-        buildUploadToken(objectKey),
+        putPolicy.uploadToken(mac),
         objectKey,
         buffer,
         putExtra,
@@ -497,22 +541,29 @@ function createQiniuStorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
     buildPublicUrl(key) {
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       if (privateBucket) {
-        return buildPrivateObjectAccessUrl(objectKey)
+        return buildStableObjectAccessUrl(objectKey)
       }
 
-      return bucketManager.publicDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint, objectKey)
+      return buildQiniuPublicDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint, objectKey)
     },
     buildDirectReadUrl(key) {
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       if (!privateBucket) {
-        return bucketManager.publicDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint, objectKey)
+        return buildQiniuPublicDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint, objectKey)
       }
 
       const deadline =
         Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000) + privateUrlExpiresSeconds
-      return bucketManager.privateDownloadUrl(publicEndpoint, objectKey, deadline)
+      return buildQiniuPrivateDownloadUrl({
+        accessKey,
+        secretKey,
+        publicEndpoint,
+        key: objectKey,
+        deadline,
+      })
     },
     async objectExists(key) {
+      const { bucketManager } = await getQiniuContext()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       try {
         const response = await bucketManager.stat(bucketName, objectKey)
@@ -531,6 +582,7 @@ function createQiniuStorageAdapter(): ObjectStorageAdapter {
       }
     },
     async deleteObject(key) {
+      const { bucketManager } = await getQiniuContext()
       const objectKey = normalizeObjectKey(key)
       try {
         const response = await bucketManager.delete(bucketName, objectKey)
@@ -631,13 +683,12 @@ export function buildSharedObjectAccessUrl(params: {
 }
 
 export function resolveObjectStorageUrlForServerAccess(url: string): string {
-  const objectKey = readPrivateObjectAccessKey(url)
+  const objectKey = readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl(url)
   return objectKey ? createObjectReadUrl(objectKey) : url
 }
 
 export function resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccess(url: string): string {
-  const objectKey = readObjectStorageKeyFromUrl(url)
-  return objectKey ? buildStableObjectAccessUrl(objectKey) : url
+  return resolveObjectStorageUrlForClientAccessImpl(url)
 }
 
 export async function doesObjectExist(key: string): Promise<boolean> {
@@ -663,7 +714,7 @@ export const doesS3ObjectExist = doesObjectExist
 export const deleteFromS3 = deleteObject
 
 export function getStorageProvider(): StorageProvider {
-  return getStorageAdapter().provider
+  return getConfiguredStorageProvider() as StorageProvider
 }
 
 export function getStorageAccessMode(): StorageAccessMode {
@@ -683,7 +734,7 @@ export function getStoragePublicEndpoint(): string {
 }
 
 export function getStorageFilePathPrefix(): string {
-  return getStorageAdapter().filePathPrefix
+  return getConfiguredStorageFilePathPrefix()
 }
 
 export function getStorageAllowedPublicOrigins(): string[] {
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/product-write.service.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/product-write.service.ts
index ab154e64..39375421 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/product-write.service.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/product-write.service.ts
@@ -270,6 +270,10 @@ class ProductWriteService {
       ? (await this.ensureCategoryIdByName(input.category)).id
       : null
     const modelNumber = normalizeProductIdentityCode(input.modelNumber)
+    const modelUrl = normalizeNullableProductAssetUrl(input.modelUrl)
+    if (!modelUrl) {
+      throw new AppError(ErrorCode.VALIDATION_REQUIRED_FIELD, 'CAD 模型地址不能为空')
+    }
     await releaseSkuCodeFromDeletedRecords(`${modelNumber}-CAD`)
 
     const result = await this.repository.createProductFromCAD({
@@ -277,7 +281,7 @@ class ProductWriteService {
       name: input.name,
       description: input.description,
       visibility: input.visibility,
-      modelUrl: normalizeNullableProductAssetUrl(input.modelUrl),
+      modelUrl,
       sourceFileName: input.sourceFileName,
       categoryId,
       userId: ctx.user.id,
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/user.service.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/user.service.ts
index fdcbd884..53f10cb6 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/user.service.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/services/user.service.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { hashPassword, validatePasswordStrength, verifyPassword } from '@/lib/password'
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types'
+import { DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS } from '@/lib/business-account-types'
 import { AppError, ErrorCode } from '@/server/core/errors'
 import type { BusinessAccountType, EmployeeSourceStatus, Role, UserStatus } from '@prisma/client'
 import { departmentRepository } from '../repositories/department.repository'
@@ -91,7 +91,7 @@ const EMAIL_REGEX = /^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/
 const NAME_REGEX = /^[\u4e00-\u9fa5a-zA-Z0-9_]{2,20}$/
 const GENERIC_LOGIN_ERROR_MESSAGE = '账号或密码错误'
 const BUSINESS_ROLE_SET = new Set<string>(
-  BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value),
+  DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value),
 )
 
 function normalizeEmail(email: string): string {
diff --git a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/validators/business-role.validator.ts b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/validators/business-role.validator.ts
index 1b8b4c5c..cdb338e7 100644
--- a/furniture-3d-system/src/server/validators/business-role.validator.ts
+++ b/furniture-3d-system/src/server/validators/business-role.validator.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,15 @@
-import { BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS, normalizeBusinessRoles } from '@/lib/business-account-types'
+import {
+  DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS,
+  normalizeBusinessRoles,
+} from '@/lib/business-account-types'
 import { normalizeUserRole } from '@/lib/role-scope'
 import { AppError, ErrorCode } from '@/server/core/errors'
 import type { BusinessAccountType, Role } from '@prisma/client'
 
 const LEGACY_DESIGNER_MESSAGE = '设计师已迁移为业务类型：设计'
-const BUSINESS_ROLE_SET = new Set(BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value))
+const BUSINESS_ROLE_SET = new Set(
+  DATABASE_BUSINESS_ACCOUNT_TYPE_OPTIONS.map((option) => option.value),
+)
 
 function rejectLegacyDesignerInput(): never {
   throw new AppError(ErrorCode.VALIDATION_INVALID_FORMAT, LEGACY_DESIGNER_MESSAGE)