diff --git a/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.test.ts b/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.test.ts
index e1e95b8..d7368ac 100644
--- a/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.test.ts
+++ b/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.test.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ jest.mock('@/lib/department-permission', () => ({
 
 jest.mock('@/lib/user-permission-inherit', () => ({
   ensureDefaultPermissionPacks: jest.fn(),
-  packItemsToMap: jest.fn(),
+  packItemsToMap: jest.fn((items: Array<{ materialType: string }>) => Object.fromEntries(items.map(({ materialType, ...flags }) => [materialType, flags]))),
   savePermissionPackItems: jest.fn(),
 }))
 
@@ -78,6 +78,13 @@ describe('/api/organization/permission-groups 保存权限', () => {
     } as never)
 
     expect(response.status).toBe(200)
+    await expect(response.json()).resolves.toMatchObject({
+      ok: true,
+      permissions: {
+        '任务-详情': { canEditAssets: true, canAccessPrivate: true, canShare: true },
+        '3D场景': { canEditAssets: false, canAccessPrivate: false, canShare: true },
+      },
+    })
     expect(savePermissionPackItems).toHaveBeenCalledWith('visual', [
       expect.objectContaining({
         materialType: '任务-详情',
@@ -91,4 +98,21 @@ describe('/api/organization/permission-groups 保存权限', () => {
       }),
     ])
   })
+
+  test('保存事务失败不返回已保存权限', async () => {
+    const errorLog = jest.spyOn(console, 'error').mockImplementation(() => undefined)
+    ;(savePermissionPackItems as jest.Mock).mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('transaction aborted'))
+    try {
+      const response = await PUT({ json: async () => ({ action: 'save-pack', slug: 'visual', permissions: [{ materialType: '任务-详情', canAccessPrivate: true }] }) } as never)
+      expect(response.status).toBe(500)
+      await expect(response.json()).resolves.toEqual({ error: '保存权限组失败' })
+    } finally { errorLog.mockRestore() }
+  })
+
+  test('普通用户不能保存权限，也不能获得保存结果', async () => {
+    ;(isSuperAdmin as jest.Mock).mockResolvedValue(false)
+    const response = await PUT({ json: async () => ({ action: 'save-pack', slug: 'visual', permissions: [{ materialType: '任务-详情' }] }) } as never)
+    expect(response.status).toBe(403)
+    expect(savePermissionPackItems).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+  })
 })
diff --git a/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.ts b/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.ts
index d084310..bf204b6 100644
--- a/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.ts
+++ b/app/api/organization/permission-groups/route.ts
@@ -267,22 +267,21 @@ export async function PUT(request: NextRequest) {
       if (incoming.length === 0) {
         return NextResponse.json({ error: '素材类型列表不能为空' }, { status: 400 })
       }
-      await savePermissionPackItems(
-        slug,
-        incoming.map((item) => {
-          const taskDetailOnlyFlags = normalizeTaskDetailOnlyFlags(item.materialType, item)
-          return {
-            materialType: item.materialType,
-            canView: Boolean(item.canView),
-            canDownload: Boolean(item.canDownload),
-            canDownloadSource: Boolean(item.canDownloadSource),
-            canShare: true,
-            canEditAssets: taskDetailOnlyFlags.canEditAssets,
-            canAccessPrivate: taskDetailOnlyFlags.canAccessPrivate,
-          }
-        }),
-      )
-      return NextResponse.json({ ok: true })
+      const permissions = incoming.filter((item) => item.materialType).map((item) => {
+        const taskDetailOnlyFlags = normalizeTaskDetailOnlyFlags(item.materialType, item)
+        return {
+          materialType: item.materialType,
+          canView: Boolean(item.canView),
+          canDownload: Boolean(item.canDownload),
+          canDownloadSource: Boolean(item.canDownloadSource),
+          canShare: true,
+          canEditAssets: taskDetailOnlyFlags.canEditAssets,
+          canAccessPrivate: taskDetailOnlyFlags.canAccessPrivate,
+        }
+      })
+      await savePermissionPackItems(slug, permissions)
+      // 在事务提交后返回实际标准化的权限；客户端无需再加载整棵组织树才能确认保存。
+      return NextResponse.json({ ok: true, permissions: packItemsToMap(permissions) })
     }
 
     if (action === 'add-department' || action === 'remove-department') {
diff --git a/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.test.tsx b/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.test.tsx
index 67a4c7b..a2440d1 100644
--- a/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.test.tsx
+++ b/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.test.tsx
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-import { render, screen, within } from '@testing-library/react'
+import { act, render, screen, waitFor, within } from '@testing-library/react'
 import userEvent from '@testing-library/user-event'
 import PermissionGroupsDashboard from './PermissionGroupsDashboard'
 
@@ -14,66 +14,176 @@ jest.mock('./DepartmentShell', () => ({
   default: ({ children }: { children: React.ReactNode }) => <div>{children}</div>,
 }))
 
+type PermissionFlags = {
+  canView: boolean
+  canDownload: boolean
+  canDownloadSource: boolean
+  canShare: boolean
+  canEditAssets: boolean
+  canAccessPrivate: boolean
+}
+
+type Payload = {
+  materialTypes: string[]
+  tree: Array<{
+    id: string
+    name: string
+    path: string
+    level: number
+    parentId: string | null
+    children: Payload['tree']
+  }>
+  groups: Array<{
+    slug: string
+    name: string
+    permissions: Record<string, PermissionFlags>
+    departments: Array<{ path: string; name: string }>
+    members: Array<{
+      userId: string
+      username: string
+      displayName: string
+      departmentPath: string | null
+      departmentName: string | null
+    }>
+  }>
+}
+
+function flags(overrides: Partial<PermissionFlags> = {}): PermissionFlags {
+  return {
+    canView: true,
+    canDownload: true,
+    canDownloadSource: false,
+    canShare: true,
+    canEditAssets: false,
+    canAccessPrivate: false,
+    ...overrides,
+  }
+}
+
+function createPayload(): Payload {
+  return {
+    materialTypes: ['3D场景', '任务-详情'],
+    tree: [
+      {
+        id: 'root',
+        name: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司',
+        path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司',
+        level: 1,
+        parentId: null,
+        children: [
+          {
+            id: 'ops',
+            name: '运营中心A',
+            path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司/运营中心A',
+            level: 2,
+            parentId: 'root',
+            children: [],
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    ],
+    groups: [
+      {
+        slug: 'operations',
+        name: '运营',
+        permissions: {
+          '3D场景': flags(),
+          '任务-详情': flags({ canDownloadSource: true }),
+        },
+        departments: [
+          { path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司/运营中心A', name: '运营中心A' },
+        ],
+        members: [],
+      },
+      {
+        slug: 'visual',
+        name: '视觉',
+        permissions: {
+          '3D场景': flags(),
+          '任务-详情': flags({ canDownloadSource: true }),
+        },
+        departments: [],
+        members: [],
+      },
+    ],
+  }
+}
+
+function jsonResponse(body: unknown, ok = true) {
+  return Promise.resolve({
+    ok,
+    json: async () => body,
+  })
+}
+
+function installFetchSequence(...responses: Array<ReturnType<typeof jsonResponse> | ((init?: RequestInit) => Promise<unknown>)>) {
+  const fetchMock = jest.fn()
+  fetchMock.mockImplementation((_input: RequestInfo | URL, init?: RequestInit) => {
+    const next = responses.shift()
+    if (!next) {
+      return Promise.reject(new Error('unexpected fetch call'))
+    }
+    return typeof next === 'function' ? next(init) : next
+  })
+  global.fetch = fetchMock as unknown as typeof fetch
+  return fetchMock
+}
+
+function pendingUntilAbort(label: string) {
+  return (init?: RequestInit) => {
+    const signal = init?.signal
+    if (!signal) {
+      return Promise.reject(new Error(`${label} missing AbortSignal`))
+    }
+    return new Promise((_, reject) => {
+      const abort = () => {
+        const error = new Error(`${label} aborted`)
+        error.name = 'AbortError'
+        reject(error)
+      }
+      if (signal.aborted) {
+        abort()
+        return
+      }
+      signal.addEventListener('abort', abort, { once: true })
+    })
+  }
+}
+
+async function renderDashboard() {
+  render(<PermissionGroupsDashboard />)
+  await screen.findByRole('navigation', { name: '权限组' })
+}
+
+function getTaskDetailCheckbox(label: string) {
+  return screen.getByRole('checkbox', { name: `任务-详情 ${label}` })
+}
+
+async function advanceAndFlush(ms: number) {
+  await act(async () => {
+    jest.advanceTimersByTime(ms)
+    await Promise.resolve()
+  })
+}
+
 describe('PermissionGroupsDashboard', () => {
-  beforeEach(() => {
-    global.fetch = jest.fn().mockResolvedValue({
-      ok: true,
-      json: async () => ({
-        materialTypes: ['3D场景'],
-        tree: [
-          {
-            id: 'root',
-            name: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司',
-            path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司',
-            level: 1,
-            parentId: null,
-            children: [
-              {
-                id: 'ops',
-                name: '运营中心A',
-                path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司/运营中心A',
-                level: 2,
-                parentId: 'root',
-                children: [],
-              },
-            ],
-          },
-        ],
-        groups: [
-          {
-            slug: 'operations',
-            name: '运营',
-            permissions: {
-              '3D场景': { canView: true, canDownload: true, canDownloadSource: false, canShare: true },
-            },
-            departments: [
-              { path: '江苏简尚品牌管理有限公司/运营中心A', name: '运营中心A' },
-            ],
-            members: [],
-          },
-          {
-            slug: 'visual',
-            name: '视觉',
-            permissions: {
-              '3D场景': { canView: true, canDownload: true, canDownloadSource: false, canShare: true },
-            },
-            departments: [],
-            members: [],
-          },
-        ],
-      }),
-    }) as jest.Mock
+  afterEach(() => {
+    jest.useRealTimers()
+    jest.clearAllMocks()
   })
 
   it('在治理与设置里展示权限组和部门树', async () => {
-    render(<PermissionGroupsDashboard />)
+    installFetchSequence(jsonResponse(createPayload()))
+
+    await renderDashboard()
 
-    expect(await screen.findByRole('heading', { level: 1, name: '权限组' })).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(await screen.findByRole('navigation', { name: '花名册组织树' })).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(within(screen.getByRole('navigation', { name: '权限组' })).getByRole('button', { name: /运营/ })).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.getByText('已在本组')).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.getByRole('columnheader', { name: '可见' })).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.queryByRole('columnheader', { name: '分享' })).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('编辑图片')).not.toBeChecked()
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('私密素材查看/下载')).not.toBeChecked()
     expect(screen.getByRole('link', { name: '按人看权限' })).toHaveAttribute(
       'href',
       '/workspaces/governance/user-permissions',
@@ -81,20 +191,28 @@ describe('PermissionGroupsDashboard', () => {
   })
 
   it('已在别组的部门会标明占用，不能再加入当前组', async () => {
-    render(<PermissionGroupsDashboard />)
-    await screen.findByRole('navigation', { name: '花名册组织树' })
+    installFetchSequence(jsonResponse(createPayload()))
+
+    await renderDashboard()
     await userEvent.click(
       within(screen.getByRole('navigation', { name: '权限组' })).getByRole('button', { name: /视觉/ }),
     )
+
     expect(await screen.findByText('已在「运营」')).toBeInTheDocument()
     expect(screen.getByText('占用')).toBeInTheDocument()
   })
 
   it('可以把部门从组里拿掉', async () => {
-    render(<PermissionGroupsDashboard />)
-    const remove = await screen.findByRole('button', { name: '拿掉' })
-    await userEvent.click(remove)
-    expect(global.fetch).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
+    const fetchMock = installFetchSequence(
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+      jsonResponse({ ok: true }),
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+    )
+
+    await renderDashboard()
+    await userEvent.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: '拿掉' }))
+
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledWith(
       '/api/organization/permission-groups',
       expect.objectContaining({
         method: 'PUT',
@@ -106,4 +224,111 @@ describe('PermissionGroupsDashboard', () => {
       }),
     )
   })
+
+  it('save-pack 成功后只发起首屏 GET 和一次 PUT，并直接应用后端返回的标准化权限', async () => {
+    const nextPermissions = {
+      '3D场景': flags(),
+      '任务-详情': flags({
+        canDownloadSource: true,
+        canEditAssets: true,
+        canAccessPrivate: true,
+      }),
+    }
+    const fetchMock = installFetchSequence(
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+      jsonResponse({ ok: true, permissions: nextPermissions }),
+    )
+
+    await renderDashboard()
+    const user = userEvent.setup()
+    const editAssets = getTaskDetailCheckbox('编辑图片')
+    const privateAccess = getTaskDetailCheckbox('私密素材查看/下载')
+
+    await user.click(editAssets)
+    await user.click(privateAccess)
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' }))
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2))
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' })).toBeDisabled())
+
+    expect(fetchMock.mock.calls[1]).toEqual([
+      '/api/organization/permission-groups',
+      expect.objectContaining({
+        method: 'PUT',
+        body: expect.stringContaining('"action":"save-pack"'),
+      }),
+    ])
+    expect(screen.getByText('这组权限已保存，组和人一起变')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('编辑图片')).toBeChecked()
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('私密素材查看/下载')).toBeChecked()
+  })
+
+  it('save-pack 超时后退出保存态，保留 draft，且不会自动重发 PUT', async () => {
+    jest.useFakeTimers()
+    const fetchMock = installFetchSequence(
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+      pendingUntilAbort('save-pack PUT'),
+    )
+
+    await renderDashboard()
+    const user = userEvent.setup({ advanceTimers: jest.advanceTimersByTime })
+    await user.click(getTaskDetailCheckbox('私密素材查看/下载'))
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' }))
+
+    expect(screen.getByText('保存中…')).toBeInTheDocument()
+
+    await advanceAndFlush(15_100)
+
+    await waitFor(() => expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' })).toBeEnabled())
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('私密素材查看/下载')).toBeChecked()
+    expect(screen.getByText(/结果尚未确认/)).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByText(/刷新.*列表.*核对/)).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+
+    await advanceAndFlush(20_000)
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
+
+  it('其他动作 PUT 成功后即退出保存态，刷新挂起再超时时保留成功提示且不给出再次保存暗示', async () => {
+    jest.useFakeTimers()
+    const fetchMock = installFetchSequence(
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+      jsonResponse({ ok: true }),
+      pendingUntilAbort('permission-groups refresh GET'),
+    )
+
+    await renderDashboard()
+    const user = userEvent.setup({ advanceTimers: jest.advanceTimersByTime })
+    await user.click(await screen.findByRole('button', { name: '拿掉' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('已从本组拿掉 运营中心A')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' })).toBeDisabled()
+    expect(screen.queryByText('保存中…')).not.toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByText('刷新中…')).toBeInTheDocument()
+
+    await advanceAndFlush(15_100)
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText(/已保存，但列表刷新失败/)).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByText(/不用再次保存/)).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(screen.getByText('已从本组拿掉 运营中心A')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(3)
+    expect(fetchMock.mock.calls.filter(([, init]) => init?.method === 'PUT')).toHaveLength(1)
+  })
+
+  it('save-pack 失败后保留当前勾选，不自动刷新列表', async () => {
+    const fetchMock = installFetchSequence(
+      jsonResponse(createPayload()),
+      jsonResponse({ error: '保存权限组失败' }, false),
+    )
+
+    await renderDashboard()
+    const user = userEvent.setup()
+    await user.click(getTaskDetailCheckbox('编辑图片'))
+    await user.click(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' }))
+
+    expect(await screen.findByText('保存权限组失败')).toBeInTheDocument()
+    expect(getTaskDetailCheckbox('编辑图片')).toBeChecked()
+    expect(screen.getByRole('button', { name: '保存这组权限' })).toBeEnabled()
+    expect(fetchMock).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(2)
+  })
 })
diff --git a/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.tsx b/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.tsx
index e3bcb27..b414791 100644
--- a/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.tsx
+++ b/components/department-dashboard/PermissionGroupsDashboard.tsx
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 'use client'
 
-import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react'
+import { useCallback, useEffect, useMemo, useRef, useState, type ReactNode } from 'react'
 import Link from 'next/link'
 import { useSession } from 'next-auth/react'
 import { ChevronRight } from 'lucide-react'
@@ -98,14 +98,37 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
   const [personKeyword, setPersonKeyword] = useState('')
   const [candidates, setCandidates] = useState<Candidate[]>([])
   const [searching, setSearching] = useState(false)
+  const mutationActive = useRef(false)
+  const mounted = useRef(true)
+  const controllers = useRef(new Set<AbortController>())
 
-  const load = useCallback(async () => {
+  const requestJson = useCallback(async (init?: RequestInit) => {
+    const controller = new AbortController()
+    controllers.current.add(controller)
+    const timeout = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 15_000)
+    try {
+      const response = await fetch('/api/organization/permission-groups', { ...init, signal: controller.signal })
+      const body = await response.json().catch((error) => {
+        if (error instanceof Error && error.name === 'AbortError') throw error
+        throw new Error('服务器返回了无效响应，请刷新列表核对。')
+      })
+      return { response, body }
+    } finally {
+      clearTimeout(timeout)
+      controllers.current.delete(controller)
+    }
+  }, [])
+
+  const load = useCallback(async (options: { afterSave?: boolean } = {}) => {
     setLoading(true)
     setError(null)
     try {
-      const response = await fetch('/api/organization/permission-groups', { cache: 'no-store' })
-      const body = await response.json().catch(() => null)
+      const { response, body } = await requestJson({ cache: 'no-store' })
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error(body?.error || '加载失败')
+      if (!Array.isArray(body?.groups) || !Array.isArray(body?.tree) || !Array.isArray(body?.materialTypes)) {
+        throw new Error('权限组数据格式异常，请重试')
+      }
+      if (!mounted.current) return false
       const next = body as Payload
       setPayload(next)
       setDirty(false)
@@ -118,10 +141,25 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
         const first = next.tree[0]
         return first ? new Set([first.id]) : new Set()
       })
+      return true
     } catch (loadError) {
-      setError(loadError instanceof Error ? loadError.message : '加载失败')
+      if (mounted.current) setError(options.afterSave
+        ? '变更已保存，但列表刷新失败。请点击“刷新列表”重新读取，不用再次保存。'
+        : loadError instanceof Error && loadError.name === 'AbortError'
+          ? '加载权限组超时，请点击“刷新列表”重试。'
+          : loadError instanceof Error ? loadError.message : '加载失败')
+      return false
     } finally {
-      setLoading(false)
+      if (mounted.current) setLoading(false)
+    }
+  }, [requestJson])
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    mounted.current = true
+    const activeControllers = controllers.current
+    return () => {
+      mounted.current = false
+      activeControllers.forEach(controller => controller.abort())
     }
   }, [])
 
@@ -200,24 +238,45 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
   }, [payload, deptKeyword])
 
   const mutate = async (body: Record<string, unknown>, success: string) => {
+    if (mutationActive.current) return false
+    mutationActive.current = true
     setSaving(true)
     setError(null)
     setNotice(null)
     try {
-      const response = await fetch('/api/organization/permission-groups', {
+      const { response, body: payloadBody } = await requestJson({
         method: 'PUT',
         headers: { 'Content-Type': 'application/json' },
         body: JSON.stringify(body),
       })
-      const payloadBody = await response.json().catch(() => null)
       if (!response.ok) throw new Error(payloadBody?.error || '保存失败')
+      if (payloadBody?.ok !== true) throw new Error('保存结果尚未确认，请刷新列表核对，不要重复保存。')
+      if (!mounted.current) return false
       setNotice(success)
       if (typeof payloadBody?.slug === 'string') setSelectedSlug(payloadBody.slug)
-      await load()
+      if (body.action === 'save-pack') {
+        if (!payloadBody.permissions || typeof payloadBody.permissions !== 'object' || Array.isArray(payloadBody.permissions)) {
+          throw new Error('权限已保存，但未收到完整结果，请刷新列表核对。')
+        }
+        setPayload((current) => current && ({ ...current, groups: current.groups.map(group => (
+          group.slug === body.slug ? { ...group, permissions: payloadBody.permissions } : group
+        )) }))
+        setDirty(false)
+        setDraft({})
+      } else {
+        // 保存已完成，后续列表刷新有自己的状态和超时，不能继续显示“保存中”。
+        setSaving(false)
+        await load({ afterSave: true })
+      }
+      return true
     } catch (saveError) {
-      setError(saveError instanceof Error ? saveError.message : '保存失败')
+      if (mounted.current) setError(saveError instanceof Error && saveError.name === 'AbortError'
+        ? '保存请求超时，结果尚未确认。请刷新列表核对，不要重复保存。'
+        : saveError instanceof Error ? saveError.message : '保存失败')
+      return false
     } finally {
-      setSaving(false)
+      mutationActive.current = false
+      if (mounted.current) setSaving(false)
     }
   }
 
@@ -264,8 +323,7 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
   const createGroup = async () => {
     const name = newName.trim()
     if (!name) return
-    await mutate({ action: 'create', name }, `已创建「${name}」`)
-    setNewName('')
+    if (await mutate({ action: 'create', name }, `已创建「${name}」`)) setNewName('')
   }
 
   const renameGroup = async () => {
@@ -369,16 +427,26 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
                 一组就是一份权限。部门树跟数据口径同一套花名册组织。一个部门只能进一组，树上会标明已在哪组。人可以进多组，能看的取并集。
               </p>
             </div>
-            <Link
-              href="/workspaces/governance/user-permissions"
-              className="text-sm font-semibold text-[#1677ff] hover:underline"
-            >
-              按人看权限
-            </Link>
+            <div className="flex items-center gap-4">
+              {isSuperAdmin && (
+                <button type="button" disabled={saving || loading} onClick={() => {
+                  if (dirty && !window.confirm('当前勾选尚未确认保存，刷新后将以服务器数据为准。继续？')) return
+                  void load()
+                }} className="min-h-10 text-sm font-semibold text-[#1677ff] hover:underline disabled:cursor-wait disabled:opacity-50">
+                  {loading ? '刷新中…' : '刷新列表'}
+                </button>
+              )}
+              <Link
+                href="/workspaces/governance/user-permissions"
+                className="text-sm font-semibold text-[#1677ff] hover:underline"
+              >
+                按人看权限
+              </Link>
+            </div>
           </div>
         </header>
 
-        {status === 'loading' || loading ? (
+        {status === 'loading' || (loading && !payload) ? (
           <div className="rounded-xl border border-[#e2e8f0] bg-white px-5 py-10 text-sm text-[#66758b]">加载中…</div>
         ) : !isSuperAdmin ? (
           <div className="rounded-xl border border-[#e2e8f0] bg-white px-5 py-10 text-sm text-[#66758b]">
@@ -387,13 +455,13 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
         ) : (
           <>
             {error && (
-              <div className="mb-4 rounded-lg border border-[#f5c2c0] bg-[#fff5f4] px-4 py-3 text-sm text-[#b42318]">{error}</div>
+              <div role="alert" className="mb-4 rounded-lg border border-[#f5c2c0] bg-[#fff5f4] px-4 py-3 text-sm text-[#b42318]">{error}</div>
             )}
             {notice && (
-              <div className="mb-4 rounded-lg border border-[#b7ebc6] bg-[#f0fff4] px-4 py-3 text-sm text-[#087052]">{notice}</div>
+              <div role="status" className="mb-4 rounded-lg border border-[#b7ebc6] bg-[#f0fff4] px-4 py-3 text-sm text-[#087052]">{notice}</div>
             )}
 
-            <div className="grid min-h-0 flex-1 gap-4 pb-4 lg:grid-cols-[260px_minmax(0,1fr)]">
+            <fieldset disabled={saving || loading} aria-label="权限组设置" className="m-0 grid min-h-0 min-w-0 flex-1 gap-4 border-0 p-0 pb-4 lg:grid-cols-[260px_minmax(0,1fr)]">
               <aside className="flex min-h-0 flex-col overflow-hidden rounded-xl border border-[#e2e8f0] bg-white">
                 <form
                   className="shrink-0 border-b border-[#e2e8f0] p-3"
@@ -697,7 +765,7 @@ export default function PermissionGroupsDashboard() {
                   </div>
                 )}
               </section>
-            </div>
+            </fieldset>
           </>
         )}
       </main>