diff --git a/lib/ai/providers/gemini-image.ts b/lib/ai/providers/gemini-image.ts
index 58030389f..98cc368c4 100644
--- a/lib/ai/providers/gemini-image.ts
+++ b/lib/ai/providers/gemini-image.ts
@@ -283,6 +283,61 @@ interface GeminiResponse {
   }>;
 }
 
+function joinOpenAICompatibleBaseUrl(baseURL: string, path: string) {
+  const normalized = String(baseURL || "").trim().replace(/\/+$/, "");
+  const withoutVersion = normalized.replace(/\/v1$/i, "");
+  return `${withoutVersion}${path}`;
+}
+
+async function loadImageAsBlob(imageUrl: string): Promise<{ blob: Blob; filename: string }> {
+  const normalized = String(imageUrl || "").trim();
+  if (!normalized) {
+    throw new Error("参考图地址为空");
+  }
+
+  if (normalized.startsWith("data:")) {
+    const match = normalized.match(/^data:([A-Za-z0-9.+/-]+);base64,(.+)$/);
+    if (!match) {
+      throw new Error("参考图 Base64 格式无效");
+    }
+    const mimeType = match[1] || "image/png";
+    const ext = mimeType.split("/")[1] || "png";
+    return {
+      blob: new Blob([Buffer.from(match[2], "base64")], { type: mimeType }),
+      filename: `reference.${ext}`,
+    };
+  }
+
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), 30000);
+  try {
+    const response = await fetch(normalized, {
+      signal: controller.signal,
+      headers: {
+        "User-Agent": "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36",
+      },
+    });
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      throw new Error(`HTTP ${response.status}: ${response.statusText}`);
+    }
+
+    const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type") || "image/png";
+    const extFromMime = contentType.split("/")[1]?.split(";")[0] || "png";
+    const extFromUrl = normalized
+      .split("?")[0]
+      .match(/\.([A-Za-z0-9]+)$/)?.[1];
+    const ext = extFromUrl || extFromMime;
+
+    return {
+      blob: new Blob([await response.arrayBuffer()], { type: contentType }),
+      filename: `reference.${ext}`,
+    };
+  } finally {
+    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+  }
+}
+
 /**
  * 从文本中提取图片数据
  * 返回 { url, isBase64, mimeType, base64Data } 数组
@@ -319,7 +374,35 @@ async function extractAndUploadImages(response: any): Promise<Array<{ thumbnail:
   const images: Array<{ thumbnail: string; original: string }> = [];
   const uploadPromises: Promise<void>[] = [];
 
-  // 1. 尝试 OpenAI 格式 (choices[0].message.content)
+  // 1. 尝试 OpenAI Images API 格式 (data[].b64_json / data[].url)
+  if (Array.isArray(response.data)) {
+    logger.debug("[Gemini Image] Parsing OpenAI Images format, data count:", response.data.length);
+    for (const item of response.data) {
+      if (item?.b64_json && typeof item.b64_json === "string") {
+        const base64Data = item.b64_json.startsWith("data:")
+          ? item.b64_json.split(",", 2)[1] || item.b64_json
+          : item.b64_json;
+        const uploadPromise = uploadBase64ToS3(base64Data, "image/png")
+          .then((urls) => {
+            images.push(urls);
+          });
+        uploadPromises.push(uploadPromise);
+      } else if (item?.url && typeof item.url === "string") {
+        logger.debug("[Gemini Image] Found OpenAI Images URL, will download and upload to S3:", item.url.substring(0, 100) + "...");
+        const uploadPromise = downloadAndUploadToS3(item.url)
+          .then((urls) => {
+            images.push(urls);
+          })
+          .catch((error) => {
+            logger.error("[Gemini Image] Failed to download/upload OpenAI Images URL after retries:", error);
+            throw new Error(`无法下载并上传图片到国内中转: ${error instanceof Error ? error.message : "未知错误"}`);
+          });
+        uploadPromises.push(uploadPromise);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // 2. 尝试 OpenAI Chat 格式 (choices[0].message.content)
   if (response.choices && response.choices.length > 0) {
     const content = response.choices[0]?.message?.content;
     if (content && typeof content === "string") {
@@ -351,7 +434,7 @@ async function extractAndUploadImages(response: any): Promise<Array<{ thumbnail:
     }
   }
 
-  // 2. 尝试 Nano Banana API 格式 (results[].url)
+  // 3. 尝试 Nano Banana API 格式 (results[].url)
   if (response.results && Array.isArray(response.results)) {
     logger.debug("[Gemini Image] Parsing Nano Banana format, results count:", response.results.length);
     for (const result of response.results) {
@@ -374,7 +457,7 @@ async function extractAndUploadImages(response: any): Promise<Array<{ thumbnail:
     }
   }
 
-  // 3. 尝试 Gemini 格式 (candidates[0].content.parts)
+  // 4. 尝试 Gemini 格式 (candidates[0].content.parts)
   if (response.candidates && response.candidates.length > 0) {
     const candidate = response.candidates[0];
     if (candidate.content && candidate.content.parts) {
@@ -462,6 +545,107 @@ function normalizeGrsaiPayload(payload: any): any {
   return payload;
 }
 
+async function sendGrsaiGptImageRequest(params: {
+  baseURL: string;
+  apiKey: string;
+  modelId: string;
+  prompt: string;
+  size: string;
+  imageUrls: string[];
+  timeout: number;
+  apiLogPrefix: string;
+}): Promise<any> {
+  const { baseURL, apiKey, modelId, prompt, size, imageUrls, timeout, apiLogPrefix } = params;
+  const hasReferenceImage = imageUrls.length > 0;
+  const endpoint = joinOpenAICompatibleBaseUrl(
+    baseURL,
+    hasReferenceImage ? "/v1/images/edits" : "/v1/images/generations"
+  );
+
+  const controller = new AbortController();
+  const timeoutId = setTimeout(() => controller.abort(), timeout);
+
+  try {
+    let response: Response;
+
+    if (hasReferenceImage) {
+      const formData = new FormData();
+      formData.append("model", modelId);
+      formData.append("prompt", prompt);
+      formData.append("size", size);
+
+      const { blob, filename } = await loadImageAsBlob(imageUrls[0]);
+      formData.append("image", blob, filename);
+
+      logger.debug(
+        `${apiLogPrefix} Sending OpenAI-compatible edit request: endpoint=${endpoint}, size=${size}, referenceImageCount=${imageUrls.length}`
+      );
+      response = await fetch(endpoint, {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: {
+          Authorization: `Bearer ${apiKey}`,
+        },
+        body: formData,
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+    } else {
+      const requestBody = {
+        model: modelId,
+        prompt,
+        size,
+      };
+
+      logger.debug(
+        `${apiLogPrefix} Sending OpenAI-compatible generation request: endpoint=${endpoint}, size=${size}`
+      );
+      response = await fetch(endpoint, {
+        method: "POST",
+        headers: {
+          "Content-Type": "application/json",
+          Authorization: `Bearer ${apiKey}`,
+        },
+        body: JSON.stringify(requestBody),
+        signal: controller.signal,
+      });
+    }
+
+    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+
+    const responseText = await response.text();
+    let data: any = null;
+    try {
+      data = responseText ? JSON.parse(responseText) : {};
+    } catch {
+      data = { raw: responseText };
+    }
+
+    if (!response.ok) {
+      logger.error(
+        `${apiLogPrefix} OpenAI-compatible request failed:`,
+        response.status,
+        responseText.substring(0, 1000)
+      );
+      const errorMessage =
+        data?.error?.message ||
+        data?.message ||
+        data?.error ||
+        responseText ||
+        `${response.status} ${response.statusText}`;
+      throw new Error(`图片生成失败: ${errorMessage}`);
+    }
+
+    return data;
+  } catch (error) {
+    clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+    if (error instanceof Error && error.name === "AbortError") {
+      const timeoutSeconds = Math.round(timeout / 1000);
+      logger.error(`${apiLogPrefix} Request timeout after ${timeoutSeconds} seconds`);
+      throw new Error(`Grsai GPT Image 请求超时（${timeoutSeconds}秒），将自动切换备用模型`);
+    }
+    throw error;
+  }
+}
+
 function getGrsaiTaskId(payload: any): string | null {
   const normalized = normalizeGrsaiPayload(payload);
   const candidates = [
@@ -818,6 +1002,19 @@ async function sendGeminiRequest(
     logger.debug(
       `${apiLogPrefix} Resolved size: aspectRatio=${resolvedAspectRatio}, imageSize=${imageParams?.imageSize || "2K"} => ${resolvedSize}`
     );
+
+    const timeout = imageParams?.imageSize === "4K" ? 300000 : 120000;
+    logger.debug(`${apiLogPrefix} Timeout set to ${timeout / 1000} seconds for ${imageParams?.imageSize || "default"}`);
+    return sendGrsaiGptImageRequest({
+      baseURL,
+      apiKey,
+      modelId,
+      prompt,
+      size: resolvedSize,
+      imageUrls: processedUrls,
+      timeout,
+      apiLogPrefix,
+    });
   } else {
     // 添加 Nano Banana 特定参数
     if (processedUrls.length > 0) {