fix: normalize rate limit errors across chat and PSD flows

app/(chat)/api/chat/route.ts

@@ -139,6 +139,11 @@ import type {
   ResolvedTargetAssets,
 } from "@/lib/ai/context-memory/types";
 import { ChatSDKError } from "@/lib/errors";
+import {
+  getFriendlyRateLimitMessage,
+  getRequestErrorMessage,
+  isRateLimitError,
+} from "@/lib/request-error";
 import { extractImageUrlsFromText } from "@/lib/image-url";
 import {
   resolveClarificationBypass,
@@ -12637,6 +12642,28 @@ export async function POST(request: Request) {
       return error.toResponse();
     }
 
+    if (isRateLimitError(error)) {
+      const detailMessage = getRequestErrorMessage(error);
+      console.warn("[Chat API] Upstream rate limited request:", {
+        vercelId,
+        error: detailMessage,
+      });
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        {
+          code: "rate_limit:chat",
+          message: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(),
+          cause: detailMessage || "upstream_rate_limited",
+          retryAfter: 10,
+        },
+        {
+          status: 429,
+          headers: {
+            "Retry-After": "10",
+          },
+        }
+      );
+    }
+
     // Check for Vercel AI Gateway credit card error
     if (
       error instanceof Error &&

app/api/extend/route.ts

@@ -1,9 +1,11 @@
-import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
+import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 import { auth } from "@/app/(auth)/auth";
+import { ExtendServiceError, executeExtendJob } from "@/lib/ai/extend/service";
 import {
-  executeExtendJob,
-  ExtendServiceError,
-} from "@/lib/ai/extend/service";
+  getFriendlyRateLimitMessage,
+  getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage,
+  isRateLimitError,
+} from "@/lib/request-error";
 
 export const maxDuration = 180;
 
@@ -89,9 +91,25 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     );
   } catch (error) {
     if (error instanceof ExtendServiceError) {
+      if (error.status === 429 || isRateLimitError(error)) {
+        return NextResponse.json(
+          {
+            error: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前操作过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+            detail: error.detail || error.message,
+            retryAfter: 10,
+          },
+          {
+            status: 429,
+            headers: {
+              "Retry-After": "10",
+            },
+          },
+        );
+      }
+
       return NextResponse.json(
         {
-          error: error.message,
+          error: getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "图像拓展失败"),
           detail: error.detail || error.message,
         },
         { status: error.status },
@@ -99,9 +117,24 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
     }
 
     console.error("[Extend API] 错误:", error);
+    if (isRateLimitError(error)) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        {
+          error: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前操作过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+          detail: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+          retryAfter: 10,
+        },
+        {
+          status: 429,
+          headers: {
+            "Retry-After": "10",
+          },
+        },
+      );
+    }
     return NextResponse.json(
       {
-        error: "图像拓展失败",
+        error: getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "图像拓展失败"),
         detail: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
       },
       { status: 500 },

app/api/psd-templates/render/route.ts

@@ -1,22 +1,27 @@
-import { NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
+import { type NextRequest, NextResponse } from "next/server";
 import { z } from "zod";
 import { auth } from "@/app/(auth)/auth";
-import {
-  getEditableAgentPsdTemplateLayers,
-  getAgentPsdTemplateRuntimeIssue,
-  isAgentPsdImageLayerSlot,
-  isAgentPsdTemplateRuntimeReady,
-  isAgentPsdTemplateReady,
-  isAgentPsdTextLayerSlot,
-  type AgentPsdTemplateRenderResponse,
-} from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-config";
 import { readAgentPsdFonts } from "@/lib/agents/psd-font-settings";
 import { normalizeAgentPsdImagePlacement } from "@/lib/agents/psd-image-placement";
 import { describeRemoteAssetLocation } from "@/lib/agents/psd-remote-asset";
-import { repairAgentPsdTemplateFontBindings } from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-repair";
+import {
+  type AgentPsdTemplateRenderResponse,
+  getAgentPsdTemplateRuntimeIssue,
+  getEditableAgentPsdTemplateLayers,
+  isAgentPsdImageLayerSlot,
+  isAgentPsdTemplateReady,
+  isAgentPsdTemplateRuntimeReady,
+  isAgentPsdTextLayerSlot,
+} from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-config";
 import { renderAgentPsdTemplate } from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-renderer";
-import { normalizeHexColor } from "@/lib/agents/psd-text-layout";
+import { repairAgentPsdTemplateFontBindings } from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-repair";
 import { readAgentPsdTemplates } from "@/lib/agents/psd-template-settings";
+import { normalizeHexColor } from "@/lib/agents/psd-text-layout";
+import {
+  getFriendlyRateLimitMessage,
+  getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage,
+  isRateLimitError,
+} from "@/lib/request-error";
 
 export const runtime = "nodejs";
 
@@ -163,10 +168,26 @@ export async function POST(request: NextRequest) {
       assignedImageCount: Object.keys(body.imageAssignments || {}).length,
       error,
     });
+
+    if (isRateLimitError(error)) {
+      return NextResponse.json(
+        {
+          success: false,
+          error: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前操作过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        } satisfies AgentPsdTemplateRenderResponse,
+        {
+          status: 429,
+          headers: {
+            "Retry-After": "10",
+          },
+        }
+      );
+    }
+
     const message =
-      error instanceof Error && String(error.message || "").trim()
-        ? error.message
-        : "PSD 模板渲染失败";
+      getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "PSD 模板渲染失败", {
+        rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前操作过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+      });
     return jsonError(502, message);
   }
 }

components/agents/AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog.tsx

@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ import {
   resolveTextLayout,
 } from "@/lib/agents/psd-text-layout";
 import { fetchUploadWithRetry } from "@/lib/client/upload-with-retry";
+import { getFriendlyRateLimitMessage, getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage } from "@/lib/request-error";
 
 function buildTemplateListRequestUrl(params?: {
   brandName?: string | null;
@@ -182,6 +183,55 @@ const templateDetailFetcher = async (
   }
 };
 
+async function parseActionJsonResponse<T>(
+  response: Response,
+  fallbackMessage: string,
+  rateLimitMessage?: string
+): Promise<T> {
+  const payload = await response
+    .clone()
+    .json()
+    .catch(() => null);
+
+  if (!response.ok) {
+    let responseText = "";
+    if (payload == null) {
+      responseText = await response
+        .text()
+        .then((value) => value.trim())
+        .catch(() => "");
+    }
+
+    const requestError = new Error(
+      getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(
+        {
+          status: response.status,
+          data: payload,
+          message: responseText,
+        },
+        fallbackMessage,
+        {
+          rateLimitMessage,
+        }
+      )
+    ) as Error & {
+      status?: number;
+      data?: unknown;
+    };
+    requestError.status = response.status;
+    requestError.data =
+      payload ??
+      (responseText
+        ? {
+            message: responseText,
+          }
+        : null);
+    throw requestError;
+  }
+
+  return payload as T;
+}
+
 const PREVIEW_VIEWPORT_PADDING = 56;
 const PREVIEW_STAGE_MAX_SCALE = 0.82;
 const PREVIEW_STAGE_TARGET_WIDTH = 760;
@@ -1946,15 +1996,20 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
       const formData = new FormData();
       formData.set("file", file);
       const response = await fetchUploadWithRetry(formData);
-      const payload = await response.json();
+      const payload = await parseActionJsonResponse<{ url?: string }>(
+        response,
+        "素材上传失败",
+        getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前上传过于频繁，请稍后再试")
+      );
 
-      if (!response.ok || !payload.url) {
-        throw new Error(payload.error || "图片上传失败");
+      if (!payload?.url) {
+        throw new Error("图片上传失败");
       }
+      const uploadedImageUrl = payload.url;
 
       setImageAssignments((current) => ({
         ...current,
-        [slotId]: payload.url,
+        [slotId]: uploadedImageUrl,
       }));
       setImagePlacements((current) => ({
         ...current,
@@ -1967,7 +2022,11 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
       });
       toast.success("替换图片已上传");
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "素材上传失败");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "素材上传失败", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前上传过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
     } finally {
       setUploadingSlotId(null);
       event.target.value = "";
@@ -1993,13 +2052,14 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
           prompt: "PSD 套版图片拓展处理",
         }),
       });
-      const payload = await response.json().catch(() => null);
-      if (!response.ok) {
-        throw new Error(
-          String(payload?.error || payload?.detail || "").trim() ||
-            "图片拓展失败"
-        );
-      }
+      const payload = await parseActionJsonResponse<{
+        original_url?: string;
+        thumbnail_url?: string;
+      }>(
+        response,
+        "图片拓展失败",
+        getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前图片拓展请求过于频繁，请稍后再试")
+      );
 
       const nextImageUrl = String(
         payload?.original_url || payload?.thumbnail_url || ""
@@ -2028,7 +2088,11 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
           : "图片拓展完成，已替换当前槽位"
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "图片拓展失败");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "图片拓展失败", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前图片拓展请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
     } finally {
       setExtendingSlotId(null);
     }
@@ -2154,9 +2218,13 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
         }),
       });
 
-      const payload = (await response.json()) as AgentPsdTemplateRenderResponse;
-      if (!response.ok || !payload.success || !payload.result?.url) {
-        throw new Error(payload.error || "PSD 模板渲染失败");
+      const payload = await parseActionJsonResponse<AgentPsdTemplateRenderResponse>(
+        response,
+        "PSD 模板渲染失败",
+        getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前 PSD 渲染请求过于频繁，请稍后再试")
+      );
+      if (!payload?.success || !payload.result?.url) {
+        throw new Error(payload?.error || "PSD 模板渲染失败");
       }
 
       setRenderedResultUrl(payload.result.url);
@@ -2168,7 +2236,11 @@ export function AgentPsdTemplateEditorDialog({
           : "模板替换结果已生成"
       );
     } catch (error) {
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "PSD 模板渲染失败");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "PSD 模板渲染失败", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前 PSD 渲染请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
     } finally {
       setIsRendering(false);
     }

components/chat.tsx

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import {
   isVideoModelDescriptor,
 } from "@/lib/ai/model-classification";
 import { getVideoToolOptionsForMode } from "@/lib/ai/video-tool-capability";
+import { getFriendlyRateLimitMessage, isRateLimitError, getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage } from "@/lib/request-error";
 import { fetcher, fetchWithErrorHandlers, generateUUID } from "@/lib/utils";
 import { Artifact } from "@/components/artifact";
 import { ProtocolDebugPanel } from "@/components/protocol-debug-panel";
@@ -373,6 +374,7 @@ export function Chat({
   const imagePlaceholderTimerRef = useRef<ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null>(null);
   const latestAssistantDisplayTextRef = useRef<string>("");
   const startedGenerationMessageIdRef = useRef<string | null>(null);
+  const lastRateLimitToastAtRef = useRef(0);
   
   // 🆕 存储通过 data-appendMessage 添加的消息，避免与 useChat 内部状态冲突
   const [appendedMessages, setAppendedMessages] = useState<ChatMessage[]>([]);
@@ -948,6 +950,18 @@ export function Chat({
         });
       }
 
+      const normalizedErrorMessage = getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(
+        {
+          ...(error instanceof Error ? error : {}),
+          data: responseData,
+          message: fallbackMessage,
+        },
+        "请求失败，请稍后重试",
+        {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(),
+        }
+      );
+
       if (error instanceof ChatSDKError) {
         // Check if it's a credit card error
         if (
@@ -955,10 +969,17 @@ export function Chat({
         ) {
           setShowCreditCardAlert(true);
         } else {
-          toast.error(error.message);
+          toast.error(normalizedErrorMessage);
         }
       } else {
-        toast.error(fallbackMessage || "请求失败，请稍后重试");
+        if (isRateLimitError({ ...(error as any), data: responseData, message: fallbackMessage })) {
+          const now = Date.now();
+          if (now - lastRateLimitToastAtRef.current < 4000) {
+            return;
+          }
+          lastRateLimitToastAtRef.current = now;
+        }
+        toast.error(normalizedErrorMessage);
       }
     },
   });
@@ -1459,7 +1480,11 @@ export function Chat({
           }
         } catch (error) {
           console.error("[变清晰] 错误:", error);
-          toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "变清晰失败，请稍后重试");
+          toast.error(
+            getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "变清晰失败，请稍后重试", {
+              rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前变清晰请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+            })
+          );
           // 移除加载消息
           setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
         } finally {
@@ -1479,7 +1504,11 @@ export function Chat({
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("[变清晰] 错误:", error);
       console.log("[变清晰] 外层 catch 执行，重置 isProcessingEnhance");
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "变清晰失败，请稍后重试");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "变清晰失败，请稍后重试", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前变清晰请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
       setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
       setIsProcessingEnhance(false);
     }
@@ -1604,7 +1633,11 @@ export function Chat({
           }
         } catch (error) {
           console.error("[抠图] 错误:", error);
-          toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "抠图失败，请稍后重试");
+          toast.error(
+            getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "抠图失败，请稍后重试", {
+              rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前抠图请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+            })
+          );
           // 移除加载消息
           setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
         } finally {
@@ -1624,7 +1657,11 @@ export function Chat({
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("[抠图] 错误:", error);
       console.log("[抠图] 外层 catch 执行，重置 isProcessingRmbg");
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "抠图失败，请稍后重试");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "抠图失败，请稍后重试", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前抠图请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
       setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
       setIsProcessingRmbg(false);
     }
@@ -1715,7 +1752,11 @@ export function Chat({
       }
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("[去水印] 错误:", error);
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "去水印失败，请稍后重试");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "去水印失败，请稍后重试", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前去水印请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
       // 移除加载消息
       setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
     } finally {
@@ -1844,7 +1885,11 @@ export function Chat({
           }
         } catch (error) {
           console.error("[图像拓展] 错误:", error);
-          toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "图像拓展失败，请稍后重试");
+          toast.error(
+            getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "图像拓展失败，请稍后重试", {
+              rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前图像拓展请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+            })
+          );
           // 移除加载消息
           setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
         } finally {
@@ -1864,7 +1909,11 @@ export function Chat({
     } catch (error) {
       console.error("[图像拓展] 错误:", error);
       console.log("[图像拓展] 外层 catch 执行，重置 isProcessingExtend");
-      toast.error(error instanceof Error ? error.message : "图像拓展失败，请稍后重试");
+      toast.error(
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(error, "图像拓展失败，请稍后重试", {
+          rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage("当前图像拓展请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"),
+        })
+      );
       setMessages((prev) => prev.filter((msg) => msg.id !== messageId));
       setIsProcessingExtend(false);
     }

lib/errors.ts

@@ -97,7 +97,7 @@ export function getMessageByErrorCode(errorCode: ErrorCode): string {
       return "Your account does not have access to this feature.";
 
     case "rate_limit:chat":
-      return "You have exceeded your maximum number of messages for the day. Please try again later.";
+      return "今日消息次数已达上限，请稍后再试。";
     case "not_found:chat":
       return "The requested chat was not found. Please check the chat ID and try again.";
     case "forbidden:chat":

lib/request-error.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,190 @@
+const RATE_LIMIT_PATTERNS = [
+  /\btoo many requests\b/i,
+  /\brate limit(?:ed|ing)?\b/i,
+  /\bquota exceeded\b/i,
+  /请求过于频繁/,
+  /请求太频繁/,
+  /访问过于频繁/,
+  /频率过高/,
+  /达到速率限制/,
+  /限流/,
+];
+const JSON_EMBEDDED_MESSAGE_PATTERN = /^[["{]/;
+
+function isRecord(value: unknown): value is Record<string, unknown> {
+  return typeof value === "object" && value !== null;
+}
+
+function normalizeTextCandidate(value: string) {
+  return value.trim().replace(/^["']|["']$/g, "");
+}
+
+function collectTextCandidates(
+  value: unknown,
+  results: string[],
+  seen = new WeakSet<object>(),
+  depth = 0
+) {
+  if (depth > 4 || value == null) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (typeof value === "string") {
+    const normalized = normalizeTextCandidate(value);
+    if (normalized) {
+      results.push(normalized);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
+    for (const item of value) {
+      collectTextCandidates(item, results, seen, depth + 1);
+    }
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (!isRecord(value)) {
+    return;
+  }
+
+  if (seen.has(value)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  seen.add(value);
+
+  const preferredKeys = [
+    "message",
+    "error",
+    "detail",
+    "cause",
+    "statusText",
+    "responseText",
+    "body",
+    "data",
+  ];
+
+  for (const key of preferredKeys) {
+    if (key in value) {
+      collectTextCandidates(value[key], results, seen, depth + 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (const [key, candidate] of Object.entries(value)) {
+    if (preferredKeys.includes(key)) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    collectTextCandidates(candidate, results, seen, depth + 1);
+  }
+}
+
+function parseJsonEmbeddedMessage(value: string): string | null {
+  const normalized = normalizeTextCandidate(value);
+  if (!normalized || !JSON_EMBEDDED_MESSAGE_PATTERN.test(normalized)) {
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  try {
+    const parsed = JSON.parse(normalized);
+    const messages: string[] = [];
+    collectTextCandidates(parsed, messages);
+    return messages.find(Boolean) || null;
+  } catch {
+    return null;
+  }
+}
+
+export function getRequestErrorStatus(error: unknown): number | null {
+  const candidates: unknown[] = [];
+
+  if (isRecord(error)) {
+    candidates.push(
+      error.status,
+      error.statusCode,
+      isRecord(error.response) ? error.response.status : null,
+      isRecord(error.cause) ? error.cause.status : null,
+      isRecord(error.data) ? error.data.status : null,
+      isRecord(error.data) ? error.data.statusCode : null
+    );
+  }
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const numeric = Number(candidate);
+    if (Number.isFinite(numeric) && numeric >= 100) {
+      return Math.round(numeric);
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function getRequestErrorMessage(error: unknown): string | null {
+  const candidates: string[] = [];
+
+  if (error instanceof Error) {
+    collectTextCandidates(
+      {
+        message: error.message,
+        cause: error.cause,
+        ...(isRecord(error) ? error : {}),
+      },
+      candidates
+    );
+  } else {
+    collectTextCandidates(error, candidates);
+  }
+
+  for (const candidate of candidates) {
+    const embeddedMessage = parseJsonEmbeddedMessage(candidate);
+    const normalized = normalizeTextCandidate(embeddedMessage || candidate);
+    if (normalized && normalized !== "[object Object]") {
+      return normalized;
+    }
+  }
+
+  return null;
+}
+
+export function isRateLimitError(error: unknown): boolean {
+  if (getRequestErrorStatus(error) === 429) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  const message = getRequestErrorMessage(error);
+  if (!message) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  return RATE_LIMIT_PATTERNS.some((pattern) => pattern.test(message));
+}
+
+export function getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(
+  customMessage = "当前请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"
+) {
+  return (
+    normalizeTextCandidate(customMessage) || "当前请求过于频繁，请稍后再试"
+  );
+}
+
+export function getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(
+  error: unknown,
+  fallbackMessage = "请求失败，请稍后重试",
+  options?: {
+    rateLimitMessage?: string;
+  }
+) {
+  if (isRateLimitError(error)) {
+    return getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(options?.rateLimitMessage);
+  }
+
+  const message = getRequestErrorMessage(error);
+  if (!message) {
+    return fallbackMessage;
+  }
+
+  if (RATE_LIMIT_PATTERNS.some((pattern) => pattern.test(message))) {
+    return getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(options?.rateLimitMessage);
+  }
+
+  return message;
+}

lib/utils.ts

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ import { formatISO } from 'date-fns';
 import { twMerge } from 'tailwind-merge';
 import type { DBMessage, Document } from '@/lib/db/schema';
 import { ChatSDKError, type ErrorCode } from './errors';
+import { getFriendlyRateLimitMessage, getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage } from './request-error';
 import type { ChatMessage, ChatTools, CustomUIDataTypes } from './types';
 
 export function cn(...inputs: ClassValue[]) {
@@ -39,12 +40,21 @@ export async function fetchWithErrorHandlers(
 
     if (!response.ok) {
       let payload: any = null;
+      let responseText = "";
       try {
-        payload = await response.json();
+        payload = await response.clone().json();
       } catch {
         payload = null;
       }
 
+      if (payload == null) {
+        try {
+          responseText = (await response.text()).trim();
+        } catch {
+          responseText = "";
+        }
+      }
+
       const code =
         typeof payload?.code === "string" && payload.code.includes(":")
           ? (payload.code as ErrorCode)
@@ -60,16 +70,30 @@ export async function fetchWithErrorHandlers(
       }
 
       const fallbackMessage =
-        (typeof payload?.message === "string" && payload.message) ||
-        (typeof payload?.error === "string" && payload.error) ||
-        `Request failed with status ${response.status}`;
+        getUserFacingRequestErrorMessage(
+          {
+            status: response.status,
+            data: payload,
+            message: responseText,
+          },
+          `Request failed with status ${response.status}`,
+          {
+            rateLimitMessage: getFriendlyRateLimitMessage(),
+          }
+        );
       const requestError = new Error(fallbackMessage) as Error & {
         status?: number;
         data?: any;
       };
       requestError.name = "RequestError";
       requestError.status = response.status;
-      requestError.data = payload;
+      requestError.data =
+        payload ??
+        (responseText
+          ? {
+              message: responseText,
+            }
+          : null);
       throw requestError;
     }